However, the rise in e-cigarette use, (25) in addition to traditional smoking methods, creates a necessity to investigate the effects of vaccines against vaporized drug models. Currently, intraperitoneal or intravenous drug administration are the gold standards to study behavior models in vaccinated animals. (22−24) This broad neutralization is necessary because SCs are often ingested as a cocktail of drug species, unlike cocaine and methamphetamine. (7)Īfter successfully applying immunopharmacotherapeutics to combat opioids, cocaine, nicotine, and methamphetamine, (13−21) the occurrence of NPS requires optimized vaccine strategies through hapten design and vaccine cocktails for broad neutralization while maintaining sufficient binding efficacy. In response to these legislative practices, clandestine manufactory processes have produced over 250 substances to elude the standard drug test. (5,6) The past decade has witnessed the intense interplay between SCs’ increase in popularity as a form of “legal high” and generic national legislation to counteract its structural diversity. Their consumption steadily gives rise to thousands of emergency calls recorded by The American Association of Poison Control Centers each year and more than 10× the number of cases reported to The National Forensic Laboratory Information System. (3,4) To illustrate, there are 3.3% of high school seniors that reported SC use in the past year, according to statistics from The National Institute of Health on drug abuse, which is much higher than drugs like cocaine (2.2%), heroin (0.4%), and methamphetamine (0.5%). (2) Their higher receptor affinity and potency compared to THC, severity of health risks causing hospitalizations and fatalities, and variability in the quantity and number of active ingredients used in the product can be perilous to public health, especially in young adults in terms of prevalence and brain susceptibility. Designed to target the cannabis market with an expansive network of users worldwide, SCs are soaked in or sprayed onto plant materials and sold under a variety of names like “spice” or “K2”. (1) They are referred to as synthetic substances acting on the endocannabinoid system, where CB1 receptors are predominantly responsible for their psychotropic effect. Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) constitute the largest, most diverse, and fastest growing group of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the market.
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